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ivermectin aglycone  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Structured Review

    Santa Cruz Biotechnology ivermectin aglycone
    Larval development assays were undertaken for all lines, at pre- and post-treatment timepoints, in the third generation of selection. (A) Control (CTL) lines had no treatment applied but sampling was time-matched with the selected lines ((B) IVM = <t>ivermectin</t> and (C) MOX = moxidectin). Y axis shows the proportion of the population in each well that developed to L3.
    Ivermectin Aglycone, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 5 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/ivermectin+aglycone/Ivermectin+aglycone/pmc12517496-119-8-10
    Average 93 stars, based on 5 article reviews
    ivermectin aglycone - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    93/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus"

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Larval development assays were undertaken for all lines, at pre- and post-treatment timepoints, in the third generation of selection. (A) Control (CTL) lines had no treatment applied but sampling was time-matched with the selected lines ((B) IVM = ivermectin and (C) MOX = moxidectin). Y axis shows the proportion of the population in each well that developed to L3.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Larval development assays were undertaken for all lines, at pre- and post-treatment timepoints, in the third generation of selection. (A) Control (CTL) lines had no treatment applied but sampling was time-matched with the selected lines ((B) IVM = ivermectin and (C) MOX = moxidectin). Y axis shows the proportion of the population in each well that developed to L3.

    Techniques Used: Selection, Control, Sampling

    (A–C) Each sample from each generation is compared with the F0 parental sample and 10 kb window F st values plotted along the chromosomes (I-X). For each of the ivermectin selected (IVM) and moxidectin selected (MOX) lines, a line was plotted indicating five standard deviations above the genome-wide mean of the F3 generations (dashed and dotted respectively). CTL = control lines. Note that no sequence data was available for sample IVM1. (D) Chromosome V pairwise comparisons of third generation ivermectin and moxidectin samples to each other. Horizontal lines are five standard deviations above the mean F st value for the F3 generations – the same as in panels A-C, but with both ivermectin and moxidectin lines overlaid on each faceted plot.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A–C) Each sample from each generation is compared with the F0 parental sample and 10 kb window F st values plotted along the chromosomes (I-X). For each of the ivermectin selected (IVM) and moxidectin selected (MOX) lines, a line was plotted indicating five standard deviations above the genome-wide mean of the F3 generations (dashed and dotted respectively). CTL = control lines. Note that no sequence data was available for sample IVM1. (D) Chromosome V pairwise comparisons of third generation ivermectin and moxidectin samples to each other. Horizontal lines are five standard deviations above the mean F st value for the F3 generations – the same as in panels A-C, but with both ivermectin and moxidectin lines overlaid on each faceted plot.

    Techniques Used: Genome Wide, Control, Sequencing

    (A–C) Ratio of nucleotide diversity in three generations (F1 to F3) of sub-therapeutic selection in comparison to F0 sample population. Key: C = control, I = ivermectin, M = moxidectin. L1 to L3 indicate biological replicate selection lines. Pi ratio = Normalised Sample θπ/ Normalised F0 θπ. Nucleotide diversity for each sample window was normalised by dividing by the genome-wide median diversity. Colour indicates the rank within the treatment group, where blue indicates a higher diversity than F0, and red a lower diversity. Note that the rank indicates the genome-wide ranking. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. (D) Nucleotide diversity (θπ) of the F0 sample along Chromosome V. More negative values indicate lower diversity.
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A–C) Ratio of nucleotide diversity in three generations (F1 to F3) of sub-therapeutic selection in comparison to F0 sample population. Key: C = control, I = ivermectin, M = moxidectin. L1 to L3 indicate biological replicate selection lines. Pi ratio = Normalised Sample θπ/ Normalised F0 θπ. Nucleotide diversity for each sample window was normalised by dividing by the genome-wide median diversity. Colour indicates the rank within the treatment group, where blue indicates a higher diversity than F0, and red a lower diversity. Note that the rank indicates the genome-wide ranking. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. (D) Nucleotide diversity (θπ) of the F0 sample along Chromosome V. More negative values indicate lower diversity.

    Techniques Used: Selection, Comparison, Control, Genome Wide, Sequencing

    (A) Ivermectin selected lines, (B) moxidectin selected lines, (C) control lines, (D) F0 sample. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. More negative values (red) correlate to more rare alleles than expected for the population size, while more positive values (blue) indicate fewer rare alleles than expected and either very few alleles at all (highly conserved), or balancing selection of alleles. If the population is neutrally evolving, Tajima’s D is close to zero (mix of rare and common alleles).
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A) Ivermectin selected lines, (B) moxidectin selected lines, (C) control lines, (D) F0 sample. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. More negative values (red) correlate to more rare alleles than expected for the population size, while more positive values (blue) indicate fewer rare alleles than expected and either very few alleles at all (highly conserved), or balancing selection of alleles. If the population is neutrally evolving, Tajima’s D is close to zero (mix of rare and common alleles).

    Techniques Used: Control, Sequencing, Selection

    Negative values indicate a reduction in the reference allele frequency at that site from F0 to F3. Each point is a SNP; red points are those which are significantly different to controls following Holm’s correction of the p-values, and where the corrected p-value is < 0.001. In other words: if red, the reference allele is changing in treated lines differently to control lines, and if negative it is reducing in the treated lines. (A) ivermectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for ivermectin lines), (B) moxidectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for moxidectin lines), (C) selected (ivermectin and moxidectin) vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for combined selected lines).
    Figure Legend Snippet: Negative values indicate a reduction in the reference allele frequency at that site from F0 to F3. Each point is a SNP; red points are those which are significantly different to controls following Holm’s correction of the p-values, and where the corrected p-value is < 0.001. In other words: if red, the reference allele is changing in treated lines differently to control lines, and if negative it is reducing in the treated lines. (A) ivermectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for ivermectin lines), (B) moxidectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for moxidectin lines), (C) selected (ivermectin and moxidectin) vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for combined selected lines).

    Techniques Used: Control

    PCA plots for male (A) and female (B) datasets. Genome-wide differential gene expression visualised as karyoplots (C) with i. ivermectin selected males versus control males, ii. ivermectin selected females versus control females, iii. moxidectin selected males versus control males, iv. moxidectin selected females versus control females. Upregulated genes are in yellow, downregulated genes are in blue, with adjusted P < 0.01 for significance.
    Figure Legend Snippet: PCA plots for male (A) and female (B) datasets. Genome-wide differential gene expression visualised as karyoplots (C) with i. ivermectin selected males versus control males, ii. ivermectin selected females versus control females, iii. moxidectin selected males versus control males, iv. moxidectin selected females versus control females. Upregulated genes are in yellow, downregulated genes are in blue, with adjusted P < 0.01 for significance.

    Techniques Used: Genome Wide, Gene Expression, Control

    Related Articles

    Selection:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Control:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Sampling:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Genome Wide:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Sequencing:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Comparison:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Gene Expression:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    RNA Sequencing Assay:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Over Expression:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Quantitative RT-PCR:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Expressing:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Transformation Assay:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Staining:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).

    Software:

    Article Title: Phenotypic profiling of macrocyclic lactones on parasitic Schistosoma flatworms
    Article Snippet: Compounds were sourced as follows: dichlorvos (MilliporeSigma), meclonazepam (Toronto Research Chemicals), ivermectin (Alfa Aesar), abamectin (Thermo Scientific), doramectin (Selleck Chemicals, Thermo Scientific), selamectin (Cayman Chemical, MedChemExpress), emamectin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), eprinomectin (MilliporeSigma), ivermectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), doramectin aglycone (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin oxime (MedChemExpress, TargetMol), milbemectin (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A3 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin A4 oxime (Cayman Chemical), milbemycin D (Toronto Research Chemicals), moxidectin (TCI America), 23-ketonemadectin (Toronto Research Chemicals, United States Biological), nemadectin (Cayman Chemical), lepimectin A4 (Cayman Chemical), tylosin (Ambeed), spinosad (Cayman Chemical), spinosyn A aglycone (Cayman Chemical), spinetoram (Cayman Chemical).



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    Larval development assays were undertaken for all lines, at pre- and post-treatment timepoints, in the third generation of selection. (A) Control (CTL) lines had no treatment applied but sampling was time-matched with the selected lines ((B) IVM = ivermectin and (C) MOX = moxidectin). Y axis shows the proportion of the population in each well that developed to L3.

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Larval development assays were undertaken for all lines, at pre- and post-treatment timepoints, in the third generation of selection. (A) Control (CTL) lines had no treatment applied but sampling was time-matched with the selected lines ((B) IVM = ivermectin and (C) MOX = moxidectin). Y axis shows the proportion of the population in each well that developed to L3.

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Selection, Control, Sampling

    (A–C) Each sample from each generation is compared with the F0 parental sample and 10 kb window F st values plotted along the chromosomes (I-X). For each of the ivermectin selected (IVM) and moxidectin selected (MOX) lines, a line was plotted indicating five standard deviations above the genome-wide mean of the F3 generations (dashed and dotted respectively). CTL = control lines. Note that no sequence data was available for sample IVM1. (D) Chromosome V pairwise comparisons of third generation ivermectin and moxidectin samples to each other. Horizontal lines are five standard deviations above the mean F st value for the F3 generations – the same as in panels A-C, but with both ivermectin and moxidectin lines overlaid on each faceted plot.

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Each sample from each generation is compared with the F0 parental sample and 10 kb window F st values plotted along the chromosomes (I-X). For each of the ivermectin selected (IVM) and moxidectin selected (MOX) lines, a line was plotted indicating five standard deviations above the genome-wide mean of the F3 generations (dashed and dotted respectively). CTL = control lines. Note that no sequence data was available for sample IVM1. (D) Chromosome V pairwise comparisons of third generation ivermectin and moxidectin samples to each other. Horizontal lines are five standard deviations above the mean F st value for the F3 generations – the same as in panels A-C, but with both ivermectin and moxidectin lines overlaid on each faceted plot.

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Genome Wide, Control, Sequencing

    (A–C) Ratio of nucleotide diversity in three generations (F1 to F3) of sub-therapeutic selection in comparison to F0 sample population. Key: C = control, I = ivermectin, M = moxidectin. L1 to L3 indicate biological replicate selection lines. Pi ratio = Normalised Sample θπ/ Normalised F0 θπ. Nucleotide diversity for each sample window was normalised by dividing by the genome-wide median diversity. Colour indicates the rank within the treatment group, where blue indicates a higher diversity than F0, and red a lower diversity. Note that the rank indicates the genome-wide ranking. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. (D) Nucleotide diversity (θπ) of the F0 sample along Chromosome V. More negative values indicate lower diversity.

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A–C) Ratio of nucleotide diversity in three generations (F1 to F3) of sub-therapeutic selection in comparison to F0 sample population. Key: C = control, I = ivermectin, M = moxidectin. L1 to L3 indicate biological replicate selection lines. Pi ratio = Normalised Sample θπ/ Normalised F0 θπ. Nucleotide diversity for each sample window was normalised by dividing by the genome-wide median diversity. Colour indicates the rank within the treatment group, where blue indicates a higher diversity than F0, and red a lower diversity. Note that the rank indicates the genome-wide ranking. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. (D) Nucleotide diversity (θπ) of the F0 sample along Chromosome V. More negative values indicate lower diversity.

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Selection, Comparison, Control, Genome Wide, Sequencing

    (A) Ivermectin selected lines, (B) moxidectin selected lines, (C) control lines, (D) F0 sample. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. More negative values (red) correlate to more rare alleles than expected for the population size, while more positive values (blue) indicate fewer rare alleles than expected and either very few alleles at all (highly conserved), or balancing selection of alleles. If the population is neutrally evolving, Tajima’s D is close to zero (mix of rare and common alleles).

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Ivermectin selected lines, (B) moxidectin selected lines, (C) control lines, (D) F0 sample. Note that no sequence data was available for sample F1_I_L1. More negative values (red) correlate to more rare alleles than expected for the population size, while more positive values (blue) indicate fewer rare alleles than expected and either very few alleles at all (highly conserved), or balancing selection of alleles. If the population is neutrally evolving, Tajima’s D is close to zero (mix of rare and common alleles).

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Control, Sequencing, Selection

    Negative values indicate a reduction in the reference allele frequency at that site from F0 to F3. Each point is a SNP; red points are those which are significantly different to controls following Holm’s correction of the p-values, and where the corrected p-value is < 0.001. In other words: if red, the reference allele is changing in treated lines differently to control lines, and if negative it is reducing in the treated lines. (A) ivermectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for ivermectin lines), (B) moxidectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for moxidectin lines), (C) selected (ivermectin and moxidectin) vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for combined selected lines).

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Negative values indicate a reduction in the reference allele frequency at that site from F0 to F3. Each point is a SNP; red points are those which are significantly different to controls following Holm’s correction of the p-values, and where the corrected p-value is < 0.001. In other words: if red, the reference allele is changing in treated lines differently to control lines, and if negative it is reducing in the treated lines. (A) ivermectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for ivermectin lines), (B) moxidectin vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for moxidectin lines), (C) selected (ivermectin and moxidectin) vs control lines (slope coefficient plotted for combined selected lines).

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Control

    PCA plots for male (A) and female (B) datasets. Genome-wide differential gene expression visualised as karyoplots (C) with i. ivermectin selected males versus control males, ii. ivermectin selected females versus control females, iii. moxidectin selected males versus control males, iv. moxidectin selected females versus control females. Upregulated genes are in yellow, downregulated genes are in blue, with adjusted P < 0.01 for significance.

    Journal: PLOS Pathogens

    Article Title: Analyses of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance: Speed and signature of ivermectin and moxidectin selection and evidence of a shared genetic locus

    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013578

    Figure Lengend Snippet: PCA plots for male (A) and female (B) datasets. Genome-wide differential gene expression visualised as karyoplots (C) with i. ivermectin selected males versus control males, ii. ivermectin selected females versus control females, iii. moxidectin selected males versus control males, iv. moxidectin selected females versus control females. Upregulated genes are in yellow, downregulated genes are in blue, with adjusted P < 0.01 for significance.

    Article Snippet: To make the drug plates, stock solutions of ivermectin aglycone (Santa Cruz Animal Health, 202189), thiabendazole (Sigma, T8904), and tetramisole hydrochloride (Sigma, L9756) were prepared and used for doubling dilutions as follows: ivermectin aglycone (stock: 100 μM in DMSO, dilutions: 50 μM to 0.0485 μM), thiabendazole (stock: 1 mM in DMSO, dilutions: 500 μM to 0.06125 μM), tetramisole hydrochloride (stock: 2.5 mM in water, dilutions: 1250 μM to 1.287 μM).

    Techniques: Genome Wide, Gene Expression, Control

    Results of the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT): percent reduction 10 days after treatment in both phases of the trial

    Journal: Journal of Veterinary Research

    Article Title: Multidrug resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep - can it be overcome?

    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0057

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT): percent reduction 10 days after treatment in both phases of the trial

    Article Snippet: A suspension of approximately 80–100 eggs was incubated for 7 d at 28°C in a culture medium (yeast extract with Earle’s balanced salt solution and physiological saline solution) in aquatic solutions of 12 concentrations for each of TBZ (0.0006–1.28 μg/mL; Merck), ivermectin aglycone (0.084–173.6 ng/mL; Merck) and levamisole (0.020–32 μg/mL; Merck).

    Techniques: In Vivo

    Lethal dose (LD 50 ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mean larval development ±SD at MIC thresholds for the three classes of anthelmintics obtained from the in vitro larval development tests

    Journal: Journal of Veterinary Research

    Article Title: Multidrug resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep - can it be overcome?

    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0057

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Lethal dose (LD 50 ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mean larval development ±SD at MIC thresholds for the three classes of anthelmintics obtained from the in vitro larval development tests

    Article Snippet: A suspension of approximately 80–100 eggs was incubated for 7 d at 28°C in a culture medium (yeast extract with Earle’s balanced salt solution and physiological saline solution) in aquatic solutions of 12 concentrations for each of TBZ (0.0006–1.28 μg/mL; Merck), ivermectin aglycone (0.084–173.6 ng/mL; Merck) and levamisole (0.020–32 μg/mL; Merck).

    Techniques: Concentration Assay, In Vitro

    Results of the morphological identification of third-stage larvae before and after treatment with albendazole (ALB),  ivermectin  (IVM) and levamisole (LEV)

    Journal: Journal of Veterinary Research

    Article Title: Multidrug resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep - can it be overcome?

    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0057

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of the morphological identification of third-stage larvae before and after treatment with albendazole (ALB), ivermectin (IVM) and levamisole (LEV)

    Article Snippet: A suspension of approximately 80–100 eggs was incubated for 7 d at 28°C in a culture medium (yeast extract with Earle’s balanced salt solution and physiological saline solution) in aquatic solutions of 12 concentrations for each of TBZ (0.0006–1.28 μg/mL; Merck), ivermectin aglycone (0.084–173.6 ng/mL; Merck) and levamisole (0.020–32 μg/mL; Merck).

    Techniques: